disease prevention and health maintenance {prophylaxis}|.
Processes {resuscitation}| can restore consciousness or life.
hair remover {depilatory}|.
Chemicals {diuresis}| can increase urine volume.
bed toilet bowl {bedpan}|.
Plaster sheaths {cast}| can be around broken bones.
Electrodes can heat tissues {diathermy} using high-frequency electric current.
Tubes {gavage} {feeding tube}| through nose, pharynx, and esophagus can deliver liquid food to stomach.
Polio patients can have breathing apparatuses {iron lung}|.
Devices {prosthesis}| can aid motion.
Devices {respirator}| can aid breathing.
Supports {truss, hernia}| can treat hernia.
donated-blood repository {bloodbank}|.
burning tissue {cauterize}|.
Pressure on soft pads {compress}| on wounds can stop bleeding.
Tightened bands {tourniquet}| can close arm or leg blood vessels.
washing {lavage}|.
Warm soothing gel cloths {poultice}| can go on wounds.
Azetomicin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-FU, and 6-mercaptopurine {chemotherapy}| can kill cancer cells.
Radiation {radiotherapy}| can destroy tumors.
Altered cells can go into body {gene therapy}|. Gene therapy can repair genes by recombining with good gene, adding good gene, or blocking RNA by antisense molecules or ribozymes.
types
Bone-marrow hematopoietic cells that make blood cells can grow in culture, where retroviruses change them for return to bone marrow.
Skin fibroblast cells can grow in culture for return under skin or to peritoneum.
Liver hepatocyte cells can grow in culture for return to liver, spleen, or portal vein.
Skeletal-muscle-tissue stem-cell satellite cells that remain beside muscle fiber can regenerate. They can grow in culture for return to muscle. Most skeletal-muscle-tissue stem-cell myoblasts fuse to make multinucleate muscle fibers.
Retroviruses can infect living blood-vessel-lining endothelia using catheters or lung-lining cells using aerosols.
Lymphocytes {tissue-infiltrating lymphocyte} (TIL) can enter solid tumors and kill them if interleukin-2 lymphocyte growth factor is present.
T cells modified with adenosine-deaminase gene help children with severe combined immunodeficiency.
Nucleic acid from egg cells can transform into somatic cells {therapeutic cloning} {somatic-cell nuclear transfer} (SCNT). Egg ooplasm can change somatic-cell nucleus to state similar to embryonic cell.
Needles {hypodermic}| can inject solutions under skin or into muscle.
Chemical injections {intrathecal injection} can go into fluid around spinal cord.
Stimulating brain {brain stimulation} can treat Parkinsonism.
Blind and deaf people can receive hand stimulation {Tadoma} to perceive speech.
Nerve stimulation {vagus nerve stimulation} can treat epilepsy.
Surgeons can remove tissue {surgery}|. Surgery {cryo-surgery} can involve freezing tissues.
Microphones {artificial cochlea} can send signals straight to auditory nerve.
skin removal {debridement}|.
dead-tissue removal {necropsy}|.
tissue removal {resection}|.
Surgery {stereotaxic surgery}| can use brain coordinates.
Sewing can bind two tissue pieces together {suture}|.
appendix removal {appendectomy}|.
Scraping uterus wall, under anesthesia, can remove embryo {dilatation and curettage}| (D & C).
cerebral-hemisphere, white-matter, and basal-ganglia removal {hemispherectomy} {hemicerebrectomy}.
Laser vision correction or refractive surgery {laser surgery for eye} can be laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or photo refractive keratotomy (PRK).
Removing small frontal-lobe regions {leucotomy} can cure depression.
brain-lobe removal {lobotomy}.
breast removal {mastectomy}|.
Plastic surgery {rhinoplasty}| can be on nose.
tonsil removal {tonsillectomy}|.
Surgical procedures {tracheotomy}| can cut through neck and into trachea, to allow breathing.
Surgical procedures {trephining} can make skull holes.
Cutting and tying fallopian tubes {tubal ligation}| prevents eggs from entering uterus.
Cutting and tying vas deferens {vasectomy}| prevents sperm from leaving testis.
Thin flexible tubes {catheter}| can lie in vessels to keep them open.
Surgical instruments {forceps}| can grasp and hold or pull.
Threads or wires {ligature, medicine}| can tie blood vessels.
Surgical tools {retractor}| can pull back skin or tissue to expose area in which to operate.
Surgical instruments {trocar} can hold incisions open for endoscopic surgery.
People can become immune to infectious disease by vaccine or toxoid {vaccination}|. Vaccines can use dead virus or bacteria. People can react to antigen but not get sick.
Vaccines {attentuated} can use killed or harmless organisms.
Vaccines {subunit vaccine} can use only surface-protein antigen, not whole virus or bacteria.
People can become immune to infectious disease by being infected with antigen {toxoid}| retaining antigenic property but having no ability to reproduce.
People can become immune to infectious disease by being infected with low-toxicity antigen {vaccine}|.
If people have diseases, tests {medical testing} have probabilities {sensitivity, test} of finding diseases. If people do not have diseases, tests have probabilities {specificity, test} of indicating no diseases. Diseases have probabilities {prevalence, disease} in populations. Prevalence is typically less than one per thousand. Probability that people have disease if tested positive is prevalence times sensitivity divided by one minus specificity: p * se / (1 - sp).
Survival-function estimates {life table estimate, actuarial method} for grouped data, for example grouped by time interval, is number surviving at end divided by number at beginning minus half number censored for each interval, multiplying interval probabilities {actuarial method, test}.
Risk in people exposed to factor, minus risk in people not exposed, measures number of factor-caused outcomes {attributable risk}.
Non-random quantities {bias, measurement} {measurement bias} can include selecting non-randomly {selection bias}, failing to account for hidden factors {confounding bias}, measuring with non-random tools, or having goals.
Statistical methods {Cox regression} {proportional hazards model} can analyze survival data as multiple regression, for quantitative data, or multiple logistics, for qualitative data. Surviving also depends on treatment weights Cn and prognostic variables Xn. Proportional hazard model is: ln(l(t)) = C0(t) + C1*X1 + C2*X2 + ... + Cn*Xn.
For same age and sex, cured-patient survival rate can be similar to healthy-people survival rate {cure}. Age-corrected survival divides actual survival in each interval by survival for healthy people of same age and sex. Curve can become horizontal {point of definitive cure} {definitive cure point}.
treatment effectiveness {efficacy, treatment effectiveness}|.
People have disease risk {exposure, risk}| when factor is present.
Studies have quantifiable independent variables {factor, study}.
Patients have probability functions {hazard function} of failing to survive for some years or past an age.
Hypotheses {hypothesis, study} typically state that two treatments are no different in outcome. Studies can be only descriptive.
Populations can have new cases over times {incidence, population}. New cases divided by population measures probability {incidence rate} that people will have disease during that time.
Third variables can affect relation between factor and outcome {modification, study}.
Probabilities {odds ratio} that people who have disease also have factor approximates relative risk, if risk is less than 1/100.
Studies have quantifiable dependent variables {outcome, study}.
number with disease or factor divided by number in population {prevalence, population}.
Factor-strength measures {relative risk} can be ratio between risk when factor is present {exposure, factor} and risk when factor is absent.
Repeated measurements can have small range, with no oscillations or trends {reliability, study}.
Disease studies {research question} can determine number of people affected, typical stages {natural history, disease stages}, outcomes {prognosis, disease}, causes {etiology, disease}, or treatment effectiveness {efficacy, treatment}. Studies often compare two treatments.
If factor is present, outcome has probability {risk, study}.
If factor is present, outcome risk {risk factor} can increase.
Regions and groups have populations {reference population} {source population}. Source-population subsets {sample frame} can be about sex, age, or other variable. Studies are about random reference-population subsets {sample, study} that have similar sample frames.
Over time, people have decreasing survival probability {survival function}| {survival analysis}. Survival-function estimates for ungrouped data, for example, individual patients, multiply probability of surviving interval by probability of surviving next interval, for all intervals {Kaplan Meier Survival Curve} {product limit}. Kaplan-Meier curve falls rapidly between 70% and 30% surviving and ends below 50% survival. Survival-function estimates for grouped data, for example, grouped by time interval, are number surviving at end divided by number at beginning minus half number censored for each interval, multiplying interval probabilities {life table estimate, survival} {actuarial method, survival}.
tests
Tests {log rank test} can have null hypothesis that there is no difference in survival between two groups. Mortality rate in one group is typically always higher than mortality rate in another group, and mortality-rate ratio can stay constant over time {proportional hazards}. If ratio is high enough, difference in groups is significant. Tests {stratified log-rank test} can compare two groups if there is another variable. Tests {generalized Wilcoxon test} can give more weight to early deaths.
Tests can correctly check if hypothesis is true or false {validity, study}. Studies can use unbiased measurements {internal validity}. Studies can use random samples {external validity}.
People descriptively study {case-control study} subjects with diseases.
People study {cross-sectional study} subjects that have all factors and/or outcomes.
People descriptively study {ecologic study} subjects as interacting groups.
People descriptively study {longitudinal study} subjects over periods and check for factors and outcomes.
Subjects can be patients and test hypothesis {clinical trial}.
Subjects can be healthy, have factor, and test hypothesis {community intervention trial}.
Subjects can be healthy and test hypothesis {field trial}.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225